Goodman Company

Case Analysis: Goodman Company Problem Statement †¢How did the sudden adoption of a newly conceived production process, aimed at increasing efficiency, affect the performance of workers at Goodman Company? How come some workers thrived while others buckled under the new system? Analysis †¢The president of the company sought to hire a production analyst so as to increase efficiency at the plant. He viewed their future to be promising if they could keep up production to meet increased demands. Ann Bennet, the new production analyst, chose to streamline the process, whereby work was broken down according to tasks, hoping to make it more efficient. †¢The shift supervisors were not involved in Ms. Benett’s and the president’s plan. They were more or less given orders to implement the new plan effective immediately, thereby not taking into account problems on the floor, or issues workers or supervisors had with the plan. Had they been involved in the planning s tages, they could have communicated the pros and cons of adopting the new plan. †¢As a result, each shift accepted and reacted to the change differently. The new plan was poorly implemented within the 1st shift. They were resistant to adapt to change as most workers on this shift were long time employees in their 50s. Their supervisor had been with the company a very long time. He continued to approach his job the same way he did ever since he started there. He also seemed to be ready to wind down and spent a lot of time researching his ideal retirement location. There was considerable disappointment among workers over the company not sharing profits, as they believed they were more productive than the other shifts.The employees in the 1st shift did not enjoy camaraderie outside work. They went their separate ways after work. The new plan required teamwork to be successful. These employees worked independently prior to the transition and did not understand sharing responsibilit ies. Additionally no training was given to facilitate this understanding. Employees clearly were not motivated prior to the adoption of the new process. After the implementation of the new plan, all of the above factors contributed to their decreased performance. †¢In the 2nd shift, the supervisor had no nteraction with his employees and as a group leader it is necessary to interact continuously with group members. When he was appointed supervisor, the group did not readily accept him and he did not socialize but rather believed that they should do their work. Therefore they were reluctant to speak to him on any problems that they encountered. They preferred to speak with Jim Fask, who was a senior member of the group with a lot of experience, but had no formal authority on them. The supervisor attributed poor performance of his shift to the new plan and to Jim Fask’s removal from the group.He did not think communicating with members would stimulate them. †¢Employee s in the 3rd shift were well informed about the new process. They spent enough time familiarizing themselves with the changes. The supervisor was friendly and encouraged ideas. He enabled each person to be an operator and therefore tried to keep boredom at bay. They socialized outside work and got along well with each other. They understood teamwork and often chose to work in groups. The group realized that the more efficient they made the process the more time they had to enjoy a little free time. Therefore they were able to outperform the other shifts. Lack of communication in the 1st and 2nd shifts led employees being less committed. Workers were not motivated towards goals. Goals were not communicated to them in this case. †¢Therefore lack of communication, leadership skills, not involving supervisors in decision making all led to factors affecting productivity adversely. Conclusions †¢1st shift workers seemed dissatisfied and lacked motivation before the new process w as implemented. After the new plan was implemented they didn’t welcome the change, the supervisor himself was not thrilled about it and didn’t initiate any advise to them.This resulted in poor performance and increased job dissatisfaction. †¢2nd shift workers lacked a good leader. Their supervisor was not disturbed by the fact that his employees did not communicate with him much and was comfortable with the fact that they spoke about all issues to a senior member of the team. †¢Workers in the 3rd shift seemed to survive the transition, as they were pro-active, flexible, and challenged one another. Their supervisor encouraged them and prepared them well for the changes that were to come. Recommendations †¢Goals must be clearly communicated to all members of the organization.This enables them understand what is expected of them and the importance of their involvement to accomplish them. †¢Prepare employees for change. Change is inevitable. Employees m ust be given enough training to familiarize themselves to the coming changes. †¢Supervisors must exhibit superior leadership skills over groups and must be available to encourage employees to perform. They must set goals, devise methods, and not shudder to incorporate ideas from employees to streamline the process. †¢Employee appreciation awards can lead to increased motivation.

Growing Opposition to Slavery

During the late 1700s to mid 1800s, a growing opposition to slavery was taking place in the United States. This growing opposition was visible in the ways people were beginning to speak out against slavery through abolitionist movements, along with some aspects of the Wilmot Proviso. People’s consciences were also stirred by the novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Many people during this time span were slowly beginning to come to the understanding that slavery was morally wrong.Abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass, a former slave himself, and William Lloyd Garrison were beginning to speak out against slavery during this time period. The abolitionists of this time period, white and black, were slowly but steadily gaining support, mostly in the Northern region. In his â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments of the American Anti-Slavery Society†, Garrison stated that, â€Å"We shall organize Anti-Slavery Societies, if possible, in every city, town, and village of our land.†Other abolitionists gained attention to their cause by publishing newspapers and holding anti slavery conventions. Yet another abolitionist, Theodore Parker, published a poster one year after the Fugitive Slave Act was established, an act that declared all runaway slaves were, upon capture, to be returned to their master, that warned runaway slaves of the dangers of watchmen and police looking for them.These small acts done by the abolitionists of that time period slowly began to influence other white peoples’ views on slavery. In 1846, David Wilmot, a Democratic representative from Pennsylvania, proposed that Congress ban slavery from all lands acquired in the war with Mexico. This proposal came to be known as the Wilmot Proviso. The Wilmot Proviso, also known as the â€Å"White Man’s Proviso†, gained support by those who were anti slavery along with other Northerners who wanted to preserve the West for free labor. However, the support from the Southern slave states defeated the Wilmot proviso, leaving the decision as to whether the West should be slave territory or free land up for discussion.Eventually the doctrine of popular sovereignty was established, which decided that the people of the given territory should resolve the issue of slavery in the territory themselves by popular vote.These series of events shows not only the growing sympathy of the North towards slavery but also the unsureness of Congress whether to abolish slavery or stabilize free territory because of  the growing realization that slavery was wrong. The novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, or Life among the Lowly, also brought much attention to the anti slavery movement. The novel, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, a Northerner who had never set foot on a plantation, told about the trials and terrors in the life of a slave on a Southern plantation.The novel sparked much support in the abolitionist movement and was accepted as truth among the Northerners. According to an advertisement from 1859 for Uncle Tom’s Cabin, it was still considered â€Å"the greatest book of the age† seven years after its publication in 1852. This tear jerking novel caused many people to come to the realization that slavery was morally wrong.Thanks to the publications, conventions, and lectures done by the abolitionists of the time, more attention was brought to the anti slavery movement, influencing many peoples’ views. The controversy over the territory gained from the American-Mexican war also showed a growing realization that slavery was wrong. The novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, also showed opposition to slavery because it was accepted as truth among the North. Although slavery was still accepted and often times welcomed during the late 1700s to mid 1800s, more people were beginning to see the immorality behind the cruel treatment of slaves.

Macroeconomics Tutorial Test Essay

Question 1. (i) Identify and briefly explain the main features of the business cycle. (2 marks) Business cycles are usually characterized by periods of transition from peak to trough and then from trough to peak. The peak of a business cycle is the high point of GDP prior to a downturn whereas a Trough is the low point economic activity prior to a recovery. The period in which the economy is moving from a peak to a trough is called a contraction and the period in which the economy is moving from a trough to peak is an Expansion. (ii) Explain the concepts of (a) potential output and (b) the output gap. (3 marks) Potential Output (y*) or full employment output is the level of GDP an economy can produce when using its resources, such as labour and capital, at normal rates. This is not the same as maximum output. Potential output grows over time with growth in labour and capital and with growths in technology. At any point in time, the difference between the economy’s potential output and actual output is called the output gap (y – y*). A positive output gap, which occurs when actual output is higher than potential output and when resources are being utilised at above-normal rates, is called an expansionary gap. This is related to firms operating above normal capacity and can lead them to raise prices (inflationary). On the other hand, a negative output gap, which occurs when potential output exceeds actual output and when resources are not being utilised, is called a contractionary gap. This is re lated to capital and labour not being fully utilised (cost in terms of forgone output). (iii) Explain the concept of Okun’s law. Discuss the implications of Okun law for policymakers. (5 marks) Okun’s law states that each extra percentage point of cyclical unemployment is associated with about a 1.6 percentage point (for Australia) increase in the output gap, measured in relation to potential output. The quantitative relationship is (y-y*)/y* = -B(u-u*). This describes how an additional percentage point of cyclical unemployment is associated with a B percentage point decline in the output gap. The output losses associated sustained in recessions, calculated according to Okun’s law, can be quite significant. Calculations using this relationship depict that output gaps and cyclical unemployment may have major costs. Therefore, we can conclude with the fact that the public and policymakers have concern in relation to contractions and recessions. Question 2 (i) Discuss the role played by fixed (or sticky) prices in the Keynesian model of income determination. Briefly explain what would happen if prices were fully flexible in the short run. (2 marks) New Keynesians assume prices and wages are fixed or sticky, meaning that they do not change easily or quickly with alterations in supply and demand, so that quantity adjustment prevails. When prices are sticky, higher aggregate demand raises production, and this raises incomes. If prices were fully flexible in the short run, economy’s resources would be fully employed and thereby the economy would return to the natural level of real GDP. Firms would stop producing when price is lower than production cost, so there would be less competition. (ii) Explain the concept of Planned Aggregate Expenditure (PAE). How does PAE differ from Actual Expenditure? (2 marks) Planned Aggregate Expenditure is the total planned spending on final goods and services. In equilibrium, planned expenditure and actual expenditure must equal in the economy. The difference between planned and actual expenditure is unplanned inventory investment. When firms sell fewer products than planned, stocks of inventories increase. Because of this, actual expenditure can be above or below planned expenditure. (iii) Use the Keynesian aggregate expenditure model and appropriate diagrams to explain the following: – The paradox of thrift – The effect on equilibrium GDP of an exogenous increase in exports. (6 marks) Question 3 (i) Explain what is meant by the multiplier? Why, in general, does a one dollar change in exogenous expenditure produce a larger change in short-run output? (3 marks) The income-expenditure multiplier, or the multiplier for short, is the effect of a one-unit increase in exogenous expenditure on short-run equilibrium output. For example, a multiplier of 3 means that a 6-unit decrease in exogenous expenditure reduces short-run equilibrium output by 18 units. Therefore, a one dollar change in exogenous expenditure produce a larger change in short-run output as initial amount of expenditure leads to raised consumption spending resulting in an increase in national income greater than the initial amount of spending. (ii) Explain the role played by the marginal propensity to import in determining the size of the multiplier. Other things equal, how does an increase in the marginal propensity to import affect the size of the multiplier? (3 marks) The marginal propensity to import is the change in imports divided by the change in disposable income. It decides the slope of the aggregate expenditures line and is part to the multiplier process. Similar to taxes, the marginal propensity to import tends to lower the size of the multiplier as demand for domestically produced final goods and services falls. An increase in the marginal propensity to import increases the value of the denominator of the equation, which then decreases the overall value of the fraction and thus the size of the multiplier. (iii) Use a diagram to illustrate the concept of short-run equilibrium in the Keynesian aggregate expenditure model. Suppose the economy is initially not in equilibrium, explain the process by which the economy adjusts to equilibrium. (4 marks) Question 4 (i) What are the main instruments of fiscal policy? Explain how each might be used to close an expansionary output gap. (4 marks) Main components of Fiscal Policy: – Government expenditure: Government spending of goods and services, investment and infrastructure directly affects total spending. If too much or too little total spending causes output gaps, the government can help to guide the economy toward full employment by changing its own level of spending. – Taxes or transfer payments: In contrast, changes in tax or transfers do not affect planned spending directly. When disposable income rises households should spend more. Thus tax cut or increase in transfers should increase planned aggregate expenditure. Similarly, an increase in taxes or a cut in transfers, by lowering households’ disposable income, will tend to lower planned spending. This stimulates spending and eliminates contractionary gap. (ii) Explain what is meant by the government budget constraint. Indicate how it provides a link between fiscal policy and public debt. (3 marks) Government budget constraint is the term given to the concept that government spending in any period had to be financial either by raising taxes or by government borrowing.We can denote government expenditure undertaken by the government in period t by Gt and transfer payments by Qt. Therefore, the total spending activities of the government can be noted as Gt+ Qt. Also, the government has three means at its disposal to finance this expenditure: 1. Taxes available to be spent by government it time t – denoted by Tt. 2. Issued security when government borrows money – This is a financial asset that obliges the government to repay the loan, and pay interest, over some designated time period. Bt-2 is the stock of securities that the government still has owing at the end of the last period. Any new borrowing that the government unde rtakes in period t will be denoted as Bt – Bt-1. The stockpile of debt that accumulates when government continues borrowing money is called the public debt. 3. Interest needed to pay on government’s stock of debt – in any time t the government pays interest of rBt-1 where r is the real rate of interest. Government expenditures (purchases, transfer payments and interest payments) in any period need to be funded by taxes or by borrowing. This is the Government budget constraint summarized as below: Gt+ Qt + rBt-1 = Tt + (Bt – Bt-1). If we rearrange this so that gross taxes are on the left-hand side, the link between fiscal policy and the stock of public debt becomes readily apparent: Gt+ Qt – Tt + rBt-1 = (Bt – Bt-1). (iii) Explain the difference between discretionary fiscal policy and automatic stabilisers. Which one of these will be the main influence on the size of the structural budget deficit? Explain. (3 marks) Discretionary fiscal policy refers to deliberate changes in the level of government spending, transfer payments or in tax rates. Automatic stabilizers refer to the tendency for a system of taxes and transfers, which are related to the level of income to automatically reduce the size of GDP fluctuations.

Chinese History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Chinese History - Assignment Example Chinese wooden construction features one of the fundamental principles characterizing classical Chinese architecture, that is, the use of JIAN module. The latter bears some form of semblance of modular prefabrication concept used in modern architecture. Carpenters in traditional Chinese architecture used this module as a standard unit for construction of all buildings. The JIAN constituted a rectangular space characterized by the repetition of adjoining structural frames. Unlike the Chinese Script modular system, which, although old, can be described as contemporary architecture, Chinese wooden construction is much older. This system has been in existence for multiple millennia (Ledderose 103). A principal similarity, however, lies in the fact that both modular systems make use of repertoire, or repetitive utilization of standard units, in order to develop the whole. Both systems also constitute methods of mass production in the architectural realm, which apply intricate mathematical formulae and codification of measurement systems, to foster efficiency of large-scale construction. The distinctive difference is that Chinese Script is a form of architectural decoration, whereas Chinese wooden construction revolves around the creation of an actual building. In regard to development or creation, the Chinese Script begins with the basic elements or single strokes. These are the simplest units in a series, and constitute the character â€Å"transformation† (hua) and the character â€Å"supreme† (tai). These building blocks grow in complexity from the single stroke level, through the intermediate level, to the complex level featuring complete units of constituent characters. These components, also known as modules, make up interchangeable building units, which can be placed together in various combinations, to eventually create written characters or â€Å"Chinese Script†, which is still evident in modern Chinese buildings (Ledderose 10).

Rhetoric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Rhetoric - Essay Example For example, in the speech’s original Greek version, a deliberate effect called as proparoxytone that Pericles used at his speech’s climax to enhance the level of engagement of the audience is the rapid ending syllables succession all of whose words start with the letter e. One of the most significant statement of the speech is â€Å"Our form of government does not enter into rivalry with the institutions of others† (Pericles cited in Hooker). By making this statement, Pericles tried to impress about other nations that Athens’s government neither interferes with nor challenges other governmental forms and rules. â€Å"Rivalry† is the key work Pericles used her to undermine any sense of competition among the governments of nations. He justified his claim by saying, â€Å"Our government does not copy our neighbors’, but is an example to them† (Pericles cited in Hooker). These words were meant to please the audience for they lose their relatives in a winning cause and also because Athens leads other nations by being an example, rather than following other nations. It is the opinion of certain critics that Pericles’ speech is just a typical politician’s empty rhetoric on the basis of the description of democracy in Athens. Pericles states, â€Å"It is true that we are called a democracy, for the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few† (Pericles cited in Hooker). Here, the strategy used by Pericles is this assumption that the democratic form of government is known to everybody because it is controlled by a majority rather than a minority. Rather than empty rhetoric, Pericles’ speech is a model of epideictic oratory which is used to blame or praise in ceremonies. Epideictic rhetoric is a rhetoric of commemoration, demonstration, declamation, and ceremony on one hand, and on other hand, is the rhetoric of display,

The Vietnam War Did war prove to be a successful means of achieving Essay

The Vietnam War Did war prove to be a successful means of achieving political objective Examine this from both the US and North Vietnamese perspectives - Essay Example It is â€Å"an act of violence intended to compel our opponent to fulfill our will†¦ War is not merely an act of policy but a true political instrument, a continuation of political intercourse, carried on with other means.2 The Vietnam War was initially a conflict between two new countries that came out of the French colonization of Indochina. But, the US intervention led to a change in the circumstances. In the end, the essential reality of the struggle, wrote Hendrik Hertzberg in his book, Politics (2005), â€Å"was that the Communists, imbued with an almost fanatical sense of dedication to a reunified Vietnam under their control, saw the war against the United States and its South Vietnamese ally as the continuation of two thousand years of resistance to Chinese and later French rule.† (p. 37) Although there are three main players in the Vietnam War: North Vietnam, South Vietnam and the United States, there is the important addition of the Soviet Union as an actor and to a certain degree, China, that the Vietnam War came to be characterized by the conflict of two factions, the Communist and the US-South Vietnam alliance. On the Communist side, there is North Vietnam, Soviet Union and China. Here, the Vietnamese communist is holding the center stage. The Vietnam War was said to be an undeclared war between the Soviet Union and the United States or an extension of the Cold War, with Vietnam as the battleground of the West and the Communists war for global influence. The strategy in this regard is that these major powers were involved in their war against each other using the weaker countries as a battleground. In this approach, their troops are kept at a minimum and that they – the US and Soviet Union - are protected, themselves, from risk of direct attack. The Vietnam, was primarily a conflict between the North and the South for control over

The Modern History of Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Modern History of Computing - Essay Example The source will trace the history of computers from early 1900s to the modern times. It will equally provide information relating to technological changes over that period and considerably highlight the contribution of computer technology innovators like Atanasoff, Babbage, and Colossus. The recognition of the book’s authors, its proper citations, worldwide sponsorships, and relevant outsourcing, promote the credibility and authoritativeness of the source. Additionally, the source document is equally factual, easy to read and understand. Hence, it is relevant to the topic. Ensmenger, Nathan "Who Invented the Computer? The Legal Battle That Changed Computing History." American Scientist 91.5 (2003): 467-468. Although the book is long and loses focus on the main issue about computer inventions, it is relevant to scholarly work. The source will help me to understand a legal case that explains Atanasoff as the actual inventor of the modern computer. However, although the judgeâ₠¬â„¢s ruling on this case is questionable, the authority of the author and the information will be applicable in this study. A more balanced and broader book on computer history would be more appropriate. Hodges,  Andrew. ... Additionally, the source will highlight the limitations of early computers as well as showing a brief history of computers. The source is authoritative and relevant. It is consistent with other sources on computer information and is widely recognized by many organizations. The author is highly knowledgeable and recognized. The planning and writing of this source document is easy to read and understand. Thus, the source document is widely applicable and relevant in this study. Miller, Stephen. "Pioneer Programmer Shaped The Evolution of Computers." Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition 14 Oct. 2011: A. Newspaper Source The wall street journal is a prominent academic material and its authority in information is reliable. The document helps me in analyzing information on the inventors of computer programming language and other software. The document will considerably highlight the contributions of Mr. Ritchie in computer technology from the early times to the recent times. It will also brief me with the difference between the early computer and modern computers. The Wall street journal is reliable in technological and business news in US. Thus, I will reasonably use this source document in my study. Rojas,  Raul and Hashagen,Ulf The first computers: history and architectures London: MIT Press, 2002 Print. This scholarly book is up-to-date with its publishing being 10 years ago. The information herein helps me to understand the origin of computers, the early computers, and their uses. Indeed, it highlights the development and components of early computers. This information will help me in analyzing the origin and development of early computers. Just like any other print media, the source

Deploying and Managing Fire Services Assignment

Deploying and Managing Fire Services - Assignment Example It is in such spirit that the fire suppression rating schedule and standards of coverage have been created and utilized as part of the collective human resource, fiscal, and capital management of fire stations. This outline seeks to draw a distinction between the two systems by focusing on their strengths and weaknesses, as well as the premise in which the usage of any of the two can be said to be relevant. I. Context: This evaluation system is used by the Insurance Service Office (ISO). It focuses on evaluating fire prevention and fire suppression capabilities that various communities and fire protection areas have as part of systems available to the community (ISO, 2014). II. The difference from Standards of Coverage: Unlike the standards of coverage, this manual focuses fire communities rather than fire agencies or organization. Again, this manual makes use of quantitative grading system but the standard of coverage is largely based on a qualitative evaluation system. I. Context: This evaluation system is used by the utilized by the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) and the commission on fire accreditation. It functions based on a data collection process which focuses on identifying expected levels of performance that should be produced by agencies, based on achievable emergency events outcomes (Spokane Fire Department, 2010). II. The similarity with the Fire Suppression Rating Schedule: All these two systems function as an assessment or evaluation manual. By this, their usefulness is based on the decision-making process that is conducted out of the outcomes they produce. This is different from other forms of guidelines that spell out processes and actions that must be taken in the actual event of a fire or emergency. I. A major strength of the fire suppression rating schedule is the fact that it is preventive in nature.  

The Importance of Being Earnest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Importance of Being Earnest - Essay Example One of his most famous plays titled ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ is the play chosen to be discussed in this essay. Thesis and Hook There is a funny side to life that brings out the child in each one of us and what better way to do this than with the use of satire? Playwright Oscar Wilde, in his scintillating masterpiece, shows mastery in making use of satire to shed light on Victorian values by weaving the paradoxes in a most hilarious way. The play titled ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ is packed with wit and humor while portraying mistaken identities to enthrall his audiences who can easily identify with its characters, while relating to such incidents in their day to day lives. Considered to be Oscar Wilde’s most perfect work ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ is a play wherein the witty comedy of manners has been brilliantly plotted from its opening effervescent act to its hilarious denouement. In this play, the late Victorian v alues are hilariously presented and comically critiqued by the playwright. This play is regarded as a masterpiece in the genre of comedy. It is a showcase of the mastery that Wilde had in so far as satire is concerned. The play is filled with parallelism, paradoxes, and understatements. In passing his comments on Victorian society Wilde states –â€Å"London society is full of women of the very highest birth who have, of their own free choice, remained thirty-five for years." (Oscar Wilde, Act 3) Some of English literature’s most famous epigrams can be found in this play. In fact, the play is a celebration of the language itself. However, there is a rejection of serious discourse and the device of the epigram is used as a potent tool to entertain the reader. The play deals with mistaken identities and even after a century, it continues to enthrall audiences the world over. The brilliance of his wit and humor seem current even after a passage of a hundred years and his writing seems evergreen even in these contemporary times. Wilde deals with the institution of marriage and class that are deftly subverted through the guise of farce. Greed and hypocrisy lurking under Victorian politeness are exposed in the play. The moral decay that is portrayed is well illustrated by each of the aristocrats in the play. Even though they seemingly obey propriety, Jack, Algernon, Gwendolen, Cecily and Lady Bracknell, all deceive and lie to do so. Wilde reveals the undercurrent of politics involved in a Victorian marriage. This point is clearly evident in the betrothals of Jack with Gwendolen and Algernon with Cecily which are accepted only after their social standing and fortunes are openly revealed. However, When Lady Bracknell found that her daughter Gwendolen wished to marry a person who was not a blue blood, she was loath to accept the union of the couple. In Victorian society, it was politics that was considered more important than love because it was politics alone that drove the marriage market. The playwright has elevated to a high art in the form of a pun. The wordplay on â€Å"earnest† pervades throughout the play. The meaning of the word â€Å"earnest† in the context of this play is toyed with and played upon as we witness the same as the plot evolves. The primary theme of the plot revolves around the efforts of Jack and Algernon to be earnest by deceiving and lying.

Hobsons Choice Summary Essay Example for Free

Hobsons Choice Summary Essay The class divisions of the 1880s are clear to see in the little scene when Alice, Vickey and Hobson find out Maggie intends to marry Willie. Alice says, what you do touches us and this is true, as Maggies marriage to a man from a lower social class would be seen by many as a disgrace. Hobson says that Willies father was a work-house brat and that he would be the laughing stock of Salford if he allowed Maggie to marry one of his workmen. At this stage, Maggie does not seem to be thinking about starting up in business on her own, merely working in the shop as before but being paid for it. Willie seems to be a down-trodden, easily intimidated man. He has no doubt been bullied by Hobson for years. Hobson however misunderstands Willie when he takes his belt to him as this physical insult changes Willie immediately who is outrage and, in his temper, kisses Maggie. Hobson is amazed and doesnt know how to respond. ACT TWO Scene One Act Two opens a month after Maggie and Willie have left Hobsons. The business is obviously in trouble and Alice and Vickey are finding it hard to manage things without Maggie. We learn that they have lost a lot of their high-class trade. Alice doesnt know how to organise the work in the workshop and tells Tubby to carry on making clogs. Hobson is spending more of his time in the Moonrakers. Alice is finding it difficult to balance the books. This brief scene serves to prepare us for the decline of Henry Hobson and the rise of Willie Mossop. Vickey and Alice wish they were married and their plans will soon be furthered as a result of their fathers excessive drinking. Scene Two Maggie announces that she has heard of the relationship between Vickey and Freddy. She sends Freddy to fetch Albert Prosser. Freddy explains that Hobson has fallen down their cellar trap and is unhurt but sound asleep on some bags. Notice how quickly Maggie thinks. She has just met Freddy outside Hobsons shop and from what he has told her, immediately works out a plan to get money out of Hobson for the weddings of her sisters. Scene Three We learn in this scene that Willie now has his own shop. Maggie is obviously proud of the progress they have made in such a short time. She is determined that Willie will be treated with respect as part of the family and makes her sisters kiss him as a token of their acceptance of the situation. Maggie is also quick to cut Alice down to size when Alice says, scornfully, Willie Mossop was our boot hand. She is quick to point out that Willie is master of his own business and her sisters are just shop assistants. Maggie announces that she and Willie will be married at one oclock at St. Philips church. She buys a brass ring to use as a wedding ring. This shows that Maggie has her feet firmly on the ground as she is not prepared to waste money on sentiment when they need all the money they can to get their business off the ground. Willie and Maggie use a hand-cart to take away some of Hobsons old and unused furniture. Alice and Vickey are appalled that Maggie is willing to live in two cellars using secondhand furniture. Alice and Vickey clearly want to start married life with everything new and this shows the difference between them and Maggie. Vickeys selfish streak is apparent when she sees the two broken chairs Will is carrying out and immediately resents Maggie having them. Maggie has always been confident and in this scene is even more sure of herself. Her language is the language of command. When Alice tries to tell her that she doesnt know what she is aiming at, Maggie replies swiftly, The difference between us is that I do. I always did. There are also signs in this scene that Willie is growing in confidence from the timid, frightened, dirty workman who first appeared.

New Digital Technologies: Creativity and Innovation

New Digital Technologies: Creativity and Innovation How true is the debate that New Digital Technologies has enhanced our ability to be more creative and innovative? Since the dawn of time, man has continuously been inventing things which will ensure the survival of his kind. His desire to settle and to make life easier has necessitated him be innovative and creative. The necessity to keep warm made him invent new ways to make fire. For making hunting easier, he invented tools made out of stone. Thus man’s journey through time to his current state wouldn’t have been possible without the use of technology which made up for his weaknesses. New Digital technologies are allowing us spread our wings and explore specific areas which were previously possible. It has been shown that creativity depends mainly on communication and personal initiative. Innovative ideas come about when people from all walks of life come together and share task-related ideas. This gives them the opportunity to share their knowledge and expertise with the rest of the world. Every digital product we have today has passed through the creative process whereby it allows for continuous development in the technological industry. The creative process is something which takes months and even years to implement. The mobile phone is a typical innovative example which took a long time to be implemented by the public due to fear of social acceptance and lack of resources to fund the project. Certain innovative products depend heavily on social acceptance. The mobile phone was accepted because it made peoples life easier and therefore they started making use of it. This in turn facilitated more innovation because it offered faster communication between people. Another exampl e is the interactive whiteboard which was not that successful as people opted to use the normal whiteboard instead of the new high tech boards. This was because teachers deemed it as less complicated and easy to use. Even though the interactive whiteboard encourages creativity with all of its functions, people did not adopt it due to its complexity. Advancement in technology has led to faster ways of communication however certain digital technologies such as social networking and emails are hindering creativity and people are becoming lazier as it is creating a world where there is less face to face communication and people are adopting more the use of digital technology to communicate with other people. Even though technology is allowing humans to concentrate more on idea generation and less about unnecessary things, we are now facing a problem that is polluting our environments. It is having a bad effect on the younger generation because it is reducing their ability to think since they are depending more and more on technology to do the thinking for them. Creativity and innovation is something every human is born with and it can only flourish if it is nurtured. Technology in certain people’s hands can increase quality of work and idea generation while on the other hand it can also make people lazy and depend heavily on it. In the past an artist wasn’t able to make 3-D art and he could neither manipulate images with ease as he could have done with a computer application. In today’s modern era an artist is only limited by his imagination because computer applications such Photoshop and Illustrator allow him explore and create amazing things with a lot of detail and accuracy. Costs also play an important factor in innovation and creation because you need money to invest in technology in order to support your research, further your ideas and eventually sell it to the public. Another example is Microsoft word which allows for easy data transfer and in turns speeds up the innovation process as ideas are shared faster. I n order to stimulate creativity, more work should be done on personalization in technology as it provides a holistic approach for developing technology in conjunction with the outstanding creativity in action. New Digital Technology has had a great impact on manufacturing organizations because they are continuously seeking to lower their costs by introducing technology to replace physical labour. At first thought one might think that it is bad, however upon closer inspection one may see that it is allowing humans to work hand in hand with technology itself. Instead of doing physical labour, machines are allowing us to focus on using our brains to become more skilled at innovating and generating ideas. Advanced Manufacturing technology changed the definition of the job as a worker at a factory. Previously employees use to do all the work necessary to get the product finished and now all that has changed. Today employees supervise machines and make use of reprogrammable software in order to control them. The implication of this implementation is that the productivity chain produces better quality products and allows for faster output levels .Furthermore all the expenses spent that use to be spent on labour and training can now be spent on innovating new ways to further enhance productivity. Innovation plays an important role in the long term and it is necessary for the survival of organizations. A company exists in a dynamic and continuously changing environment. It is essential for a company to keep up with the pace of technology in order to survive in its own business environment. However, a company must also be aware of the needs for changes in its own organizational structure and functioning, in order to adapt itself to such a changing environment. Management of innovation is difficult because individuals adapt to their environment. It was found that innovation is affected a lot by leadership, group working, climate and problem solving style. Therefore it is of utmost importance that we include them in a model that facilitates humans to be more innovative. Technology facilitates the process of innovation with the use of prototypes. Prototypes give us a physical model of an idea which can be touched and then be refined into a better product for the consumer. Ideas ma y be innovative in theory however when they are applied to real life situations, they might end up not being as popular as expected. Therefore experiments are made in order to test their theories and see if it can be applied to enhance its current situation. Experiments on large scale projects cost a lot of money and therefore digital technology can be used cut down on costs and provide at the same time provide more detailed feedback. These experiments are done through simulation software which predicts all the possible outcomes using mathematical theories. In sum, too much addiction to the latest technological inventions seems to be a detriment to the psychological and physical health of our humans. It should be noted that a variety of technological temptations alienate person from person, even giving rise to a state of hopelessness and loneliness within us. Indulging in technology may trigger serious crises, such as academic plagiarism and moral deterioration. But on the other hand, the application of technology to all fields opens another door for us and allows us to be more creative and innovative.

The Published Financial Statement Accounting Essay

The Published Financial Statement Accounting Essay Annual report and accounts consists of different elements. A financial statement contains the financial information which is communicated to various users depending on their needs. The users can be internal or external users. The importance of this information varies, depending on the needs of specific users but according to the framework, the publication of financial information serves to reflect and to provide a clear image of the financial situation and performance of the entity which will help them to make a financial decision. Thomas and Marie (2012, 55). Users need financial information to assess the way the company uses its liquidity to fund its operations and investment, to be informed about its financial position and the nature of its resources for daily transactions, to estimate or predict the circumstances that may affect them, to be informed about the extent to which the company follows the laws and regulations. Usually the performance information is represented on the in come statement, the financial situation is represented on the balance sheet, and the information about changes in financial position is supplied in the notes to financial statements. Financial statements are the principal means of communicating financial information to various users. The framework defines seven essential users (Jill and Roger, 2007) but in contrast, Peter and Eddie (2002p 3) state that there are internal and external users who already have a relationship with the firm in economic terms or those who are interested in a future relationship. Starting with managers, Petter and Eddie (2002.3) noted that managers need information to assist them to make the decision and adopt and strategy of planning for the future. Furthermore, the manager who has been put in charge of presenting financial statements also needs this information to be sure that the management style, strategy and planning adopted are beneficial to the financial performance of the company. The conceptual framework states that the employees are principally interested in the type of information which permits them of having a clear idea about the stability and the performance of the company that they work for (Thomas and Ward,56 2012). Employees need information in order to ensure the stability of their jobs in the future, and to measure their ability to determine if there is a chance of getting a higher pay or promotion, and other benefits. The Investors need information about management policy, performance, stability and financial position of the company as well as to assess the risk and benefits provided by the investment in order to make a decision. Also, they need information to help them choose the proper time for transactions like buying and selling. Thomas and Ward (2012:56) Lenders are always taking risks which is why they choose the contract with lowest risk the framework noted that they are interested in information about performance and economic stability of the company, and also the information about the situation of liquidity available in the present and the future, in order to ensure whether the borrower is able to meet the deadlines for the payment of their loans and the interest. (Thomas and Ward, 2012:57). Regarding suppliers and other creditors, Thomas and Maries said that giving a loan and outputting goods without immediate payment is the same. This is the reason, they will be interested in the information that will help them at the beginning to decide whether to engage with company or not, and also to study the duration and the amount of credit to offer. According to the framework, suppliers and other creditors are interested in information that enable them to know whether they will be repaid at due date. Yet Suppliers and others creditors are interested in engaging with the enterprise for a shorter period compared to lenders who are concerned about liquidity position and the supplier seeks to know if there is a growth within the company and compare it with these production capacities. Jill and Roger (200741) states that the customers are interested in the information that enable them to evaluate the performance and ability of the company to continue its business and to know their capacity to meet the requirements of quality, the quantity and time to provide goods and services depending on customer needs. Governments and their agencies are composed by the tax authorities, financial and organization like central bank that has authority of control and regulations. Principally, the information is used as basis for calculating dues and taxes that the company has to pay. It has noted that the government and their agencies are interested in information about profitability and how it is distributed, with the aim of determining the tax policy, as they need information on the conduct of activities of entities to adjust them. (Thomas and Ward, 582012) The public is also interested in information about the performance of the company in order to define the level at which the company is progressing and its impact on economic development and social environment. To ensure that the information is useful to users for decision making, four qualitative characteristics need to be present in the information. Understandability the user must understand the information directly but should have basic knowledge of accounting and the economy. Relevance information must meet the needs of users in order for them to make decisions and enable them to compare the events of different periods. Reliability information must be reliable to give a real image of transactions and other operations. Comparability the information has to be available for comparison over time to determine the situation and the economic performance. (Jill and Hussey, 422007) It is true that the financial information addresses different user groups under standard characteristics, but it still has limitations on the usefulness of the information. The financial statement is based on historical costs. That is to say it is only monetary operations but the declaration is not correct. Also, with regards to the intangible assets there is no possibility of measuring the values of all of them in the sector of accounting. For instance, human resources are also ignored in most financial statements, and the brand value of the company is not on the statements either. Inflation is not included in the present value and all the information are based on estimates, so there is no real value on which the user can rely on. The financial statement does not take into consideration any anticipated financial condition that can happen in the industry and market which might affect the performance of the company and the decision taken by the different users of the financial statement which contains only financial information and ignores the non-financial information which is not sufficient for certain users as the case of public and employees. In contrast, investors are more concerned than other users by information presented in the financial statement. To conclude, the company is obliged to communicate the information under financial quality standards that are useful to different users, which are a total of eight. They are; managers, investors, customers, suppliers and other creditors, employees, lenders, government, and the general public. The objective of this information is to reflect the performance, position and stability of the company for the user to make a good decision. Despite the quality and control, the rest information is still not reliable and useful for certain users to make a decision.

Mathematics of Microscope Resolving Power :: Math

Missing Figures Imagine this, you are walking through the forest when all of a sudden you come across the most fascinating insect (perhaps insects may not seem too fascinating at first but once you learn a little about them they are the most fascinating creatures). Well, back to the story, so you find this insect and you realize that it seems very different from those you've previously encountered. Well, being the curious scientist that you are, you take out your trusty magnifying glass and take a look. You move the lens back and forth until you find the perfect image. You see the insect's wonderful colours and patterns which you would not be able to see with your naked eye. What just happened? You simply placed a piece of glass between you and the insect and all of a sudden you get this wonderful view of nature which would otherwise be missed. Well, if you are at all curious as to know how magnifying glasses and microscopes work, then read on and find out. An Introduction to Microscopes The two types of microscopes that will be focused on in this webpage are the simple microscope and the compound microscope. The simple microscope, also known as the magnifying glass, is composed of a single converging lens. The compound microscope is composed of at least two lenses and is generally referred to as a microscope. There are two main purposes of a microscope: 1) to increase the magnification of an object 2) to have a high resolving power Both of these will be examined; however, a greater emphasis will be placed on the resolving power. Magnifying Power (brief overview) Magnifying power: is also called angular magnification. Figure 1a shows an object y in front of a lens. Rays of light reflect off the object through the lens and a now larger image, y', of y can be seen. Once, the image is brought further from the lens, as in figure 1b, the image, y', is even larger. (So as to no discrepency: in figures 1a and 1b, the observer is on the right of the lens looking towards the image y') The magnifying power, M, is given by the following: M = 1 + d/f, where f is the focal distance and d is the distance between the object and the lens Proof of M = 1 + d/f: Figure 1c is the view of the object Y from point C without a magnifying glass. Mathematics of Microscope Resolving Power :: Math Missing Figures Imagine this, you are walking through the forest when all of a sudden you come across the most fascinating insect (perhaps insects may not seem too fascinating at first but once you learn a little about them they are the most fascinating creatures). Well, back to the story, so you find this insect and you realize that it seems very different from those you've previously encountered. Well, being the curious scientist that you are, you take out your trusty magnifying glass and take a look. You move the lens back and forth until you find the perfect image. You see the insect's wonderful colours and patterns which you would not be able to see with your naked eye. What just happened? You simply placed a piece of glass between you and the insect and all of a sudden you get this wonderful view of nature which would otherwise be missed. Well, if you are at all curious as to know how magnifying glasses and microscopes work, then read on and find out. An Introduction to Microscopes The two types of microscopes that will be focused on in this webpage are the simple microscope and the compound microscope. The simple microscope, also known as the magnifying glass, is composed of a single converging lens. The compound microscope is composed of at least two lenses and is generally referred to as a microscope. There are two main purposes of a microscope: 1) to increase the magnification of an object 2) to have a high resolving power Both of these will be examined; however, a greater emphasis will be placed on the resolving power. Magnifying Power (brief overview) Magnifying power: is also called angular magnification. Figure 1a shows an object y in front of a lens. Rays of light reflect off the object through the lens and a now larger image, y', of y can be seen. Once, the image is brought further from the lens, as in figure 1b, the image, y', is even larger. (So as to no discrepency: in figures 1a and 1b, the observer is on the right of the lens looking towards the image y') The magnifying power, M, is given by the following: M = 1 + d/f, where f is the focal distance and d is the distance between the object and the lens Proof of M = 1 + d/f: Figure 1c is the view of the object Y from point C without a magnifying glass.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

It has been said that the best way to make your dreams come true is to wake up. But as I reminisce about our years together at Lafayette, I realize it takes so much more to attain your dreams. Struggles, victories, joys, sorrows, understandings, confusions, these conscious experiences have paved the way for us to be here tonight, leading us to the realization of our dreams. This ceremony today marks the end to four nerve-wracking, diligent, years and the beginning of something which, although difficult to predict, is guaranteed to be at least the greatest adventure we as adults have embarked upon yet. The success, which we will confront and the many challenges, which lie ahead, will reflect upon the skills, we have acquired together. Our minds have been challenged, expanded, and nurtured by our teachers. We became learned in Math, Science, English, History, and the Arts, and with this knowledge we were able to plot realistic courses for our dreams. Our teachers became our mentors and in many cases our close friends. It is due to their encouragement and sincere belief that we ...

Southwest Airlines in 2010: Culture, Value, and Operation Practices

Coursework Header Sheet198322-169 | | Course| RESE1031: PPD3 – Thematic Independent St| Course School/Level| BU/UG| Coursework| Essay 1| Assessment Weight| 35. 00%| Tutor| N Stair| Submission Deadline| 14/12/2012| Coursework is receipted on the understanding that it is the student's own work and that it has not, in whole or part, been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged in accordance with the University's Regulations regarding Cheating and Plagiarism. | 000731054 Yezhou Liang Tutor's comments |Grade Awarded___________| For Office Use Only__________| Final Grade_________| Moderation required: yes/no| Tutor______________________| Date _______________| University of Greenwich TIS Essay 1 Advertising Industry Name: Yezhou Liang Tutor’s name: Nola Stair Submission data: 14/12/2012 Contents I. Introduction II. Definition, history of advertising * Definition * History III. Marketing and Advertisi ng * Marketing concept * The concept of Exchange * The concept of branding * The concept of added value IV. Advertising management * History of the advertising management * How advertising works * Method of advertising management V.Advertising strategy * Advertising planning and decision making * Advertising strategy content VI. Conclusion ; Summary VII. Reference Introduction Advertisement can be found everywhere in our daily life, such as at street, at bus station, at Internet, at TV etc. As long as there is business action, advertisement must be used. For example, Apple Company would make a number of advertisements in order to increase the attention before Apple company release new product. Although advertisement pays a significant role in our society, someone might do not recognize the advertising industry. This essay will focus on advertising industry.Advertising industry is a very popular project. Each year many graduate choose advertising industry to work on, and majority of high school students hope to research the project which relate to advertising industry in university. Some Famous stars and directors also take part in the industry. For instance, great director David Lynch made an advertisement for Dior in 2010. Because of a wide range of advertising industry, it is important that the advertising management and strategy. How manage advertising industry, how make a effective strategy, and what is the relationship between the advertising industry and marketing.These three questions are key point which the essays discuss. The first section of this essay will introduce to the definition and history of advertising. Next this essay will separately analyse to aforementioned three questions. The last section will give a short summary and conclusion to this essay. Definition and history of advertising Definition: In the past, there are a great numbers of definitions about advertising. Industry icon Leo Burnett defined it as â€Å"selling corn flakes to peo ple who are eating cheerio† (Bendinger B. 1993 P. 60). U. S president Calvin Coolidge called it â€Å"the life of trade† (Bradley, Daniels and Jones 1960, P. 3), and in a advertising textbook, Daniel starch (1923, P. 5) suggested â€Å"the simplest definition of advertising, and one that will probably meet the test of critical examination, is that advertising is selling in print† A more modern definition can be found in the American Heritage Dictionary (2000) â€Å" the activity of attracting public attention to a product or business, as by paid announcements in the print, broadcast, or electronic media. † Although many scholars have defined advertising, on comparing most of them, it can be summarized as these key points: broadcast, force and education.According to Printers’ Ink (1963, p. 20), he gives his own opinion to the 3key points â€Å"Advertising is one of the east expected and most productive results of the Constitution. By offering and in formation, advertising has helped to break down class barriers. By educating and persuading, advertising has been a major force in promoting public health. † Indeed, advertising create a new method which is mare fashion, rapid and direct to broadcast some product information, so that audience can easier accept product. Thee successful advertisement of IPhone is a good example.On the other aspect, advertising should take advantage of educate audience, such as antismoking advertising, protect the environment etc. History: Advertising application can be traced back to ancient times, it almost accompanied by the appearance of commodities. Early form of advertising were signs such as huckster, the inn sign, the red-and –white striped barber’s pole, the apothecary’s jar of coloured liquid and the wheel wright’s wheel etc. (Frank J. 1988, P. 1-2) In the ancient Egyptians and Greeks, there were number of huckster to sell slave and livestock by shouting some rhythmic advertisement, but it is doubtful that the ancient Egyptians and Greeks were insensible to the benefits of product promotion. The Romans certainly knew how to make a convincing sales pitch, and early example of advertising were found in the ruins of Pompeii, and the earliest store signboard originated in the ancient city of Pompeii. (Mark T. 2007, P. 10) In modern time, with the development of business, there were a variety of goods in the market. Thus, advertising have been used more and more broad, and advertising took a leap forward.Of course, with the appearance of the printing press and movable type – and invention generally credited to German former goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg in 1447. (Mark T. 2007, P. 10)Theophraste Renaudot, a French doctor, journalist and unlikely adman, created in1631 the first French newspaper to disseminate seeking and offering work, buying and selling goods information, and public announcements of all kinds more widely, which he calle d La Gazette. Thus he became the first French Journalist – and the inventor of the personal advertisement. Mark T. 2007, P. 10-11) In the United Kingdom, the first advertising agent was probably one William Tayler, who opened an office n London’s Warwick Square in 1786. The firm later became known as Tayler ; Newton, and it acted as an advertising sales representative for printers – several of whom had launched newspapers promote their trade. (Mark T. 2007, P. 11) To sum up, advertising have a long history, but the form were old and terrible effective in ancient. Advertising have developed rapidly since the mid – 15th century.At present, there are variety kinds of advertising form, and it has been an important dissemination tool, which become indispensability in our daily life. One of the purposes of advertising is disseminate product information. Therefore, researching the relationship between advertising and marketing is necessary. The following section will analyse what is the connection between both. Marketing and Advertising In modern society, a majority of goods compete to each other in the market, and advertising is undoubtedly the quickest and most effective dissemination form.Whether the goods has a high market share in fierce competition, which depend on successful advertising. Thus, marketing and advertising must have some internal connection. If the market marketing practice is still in development, however, some concept is very important and our knowledge of theses concepts as it is today: exchange, brand value, the marketing concept. All of these concepts have a great impact to advertising and the role of advertising marketing. Let's look briefly at each.Marketing concept: â€Å"Marketing is consumer – oriented, that is, it is planned and implemented to facilitate exchange between the buyer and seller on the basis of identified consumer wants and need. Note that the emphasis in modern marketing is on buyer â₠¬â€œ seller exchange and consumer satisfaction. To induce consumer to engage in exchange, markets develop a marketing mix – a combination of decisions about products price, distribution channels, and promotion. Advertising is an essential part of the promotion element of the marketing mix, which includes sales promotion, public relations, and personal selling. Dean M. K, Leonard N. R, S. Watson D, Arnold M. B, 1989, P. 11). In a word, marketing is seller products to consumers more effectively, and advertising is one of the methods of marketing. The concept of Exchange: â€Å"Marketing helps to create exchange, that is, the act of trading a desired product or service to receive something of value in return. The company makes a product and offers it for sale at a certain price; the customer gives money to the company to buy that product. Money is exchanged for goods. † (William W, Sandra M, John B, 1995, P. 2-33) How to make the customer recognized your products, and the y would like to use the money to buy your product, which depend on successful advertising to promote your product and show the detail of your product. If your advertising could attract customers, your products must popular in the market. So in the market exchange has two meanings, communication is particularly important in the advertising. In other words, people must understand it before they can buy or registered it or to the donation. So marketing is the practice of effective communication in order to be realized their products by customers.The concept of branding: â€Å"Branding is the process of creating a special meaning for a product, one that makes it distinctive in the marketplace and in its product category, just as your name makes you unique in your community. That special meaning, or brand image, is the result of communication, as well as your own personal experiences with the product. † (William W, Sandra M, John B, 1995, P. 33). In generally, customers prefer to buy some famous brand. For that reason, a famous brand is important when customers choose a product that they think necessary such as fashion items, cars, laptops etc.Because people always believe a theory: the more famous goods, the better quality of it. This is â€Å"Famous brand name effect†. A most striking feature of famous brand is that it has a wide influence around the world, and there is no doubt that advertising contribute to broad the influence. For example, Chanel is a famous fashion brand in the world, and Chanel No. 5 perfume is most classical. There have been many super stars to endorse this perfume since it was published in 1921, it include Marilyn Monroe, Nicole Kidman, Brad Pitt etc. they are all super star in at that time. This shows that Chanel Company invests much money to advertising.Thus the successes of Chanel No. 5 depend on advertising. The concept of added value: â€Å"The reason marketing and advertising activities are useful, both to consumers an d to marketers, is that they add value to a product. Added value means a marketing or advertising activity makes the product more valuable useful or appealing. Advertising not only can showcase the product’s value but it also may add value by making the product appear more desirable or more of a status symbol. Providing news and useful information of interest to consumers is another way that advertising adds value. † (William W, Sandra M, John B, 1995, P. 5-36). NIKE is a good example. They have a kind of products in their all products: NBA basketball star product. In NBA, a great number of basketball stars is the NIKE’s spokespeople. According to the star’s characteristic, achievement, and habits, NIKE company design and produce a series of product for the star, the product has a different logo and different technologies to another product, and these are more expensive than the others. One of most famous series is Jordan series, Kobe series and LeBron ser ies. These products have own special logo, such as Jordan series’ logo is an Air Man Michael Jordan.Furthermore, these products are more expensive than ordinary product about 30%. In China, the price of NIKE NBA star series shoes are 1200 Yuan or more, but these ordinary NIKE shoes is no more than 900 Yuan. The more than 300 Yuan gap is added value by advertising. Thus, advertising really can take added value for products. At above statement, the relationship of advertising and marketing was analyzed from the four concepts, and through some examples, it proves the correctness and feasibility of this proposal. Next section, the essay will continually analyze advertising management. Advertising managementAny industries cannot do without management, and advertising will be no exception. Advertising management belongs to the category of economic management. It based on some advertising management laws and some relevant policies to guide, supervise, coordinate and control to the a dvertising industry and advertising activities by the government, advertising industry associations and advertising community supervision. It make the advertising activity to adapt to the economic situation for the advertising industry development, make the advertising industry gradually from disorderly to orderly, from chaos to health.Advertising can play its proper role in this background. Firstly, the essay will shortly introduce to the history of advertising management History of the advertising management: Compared with the production of advertising, advertising management appears to be late so much. At the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the 19th century, the industrial revolution was outbroke in Britain, the United States and other west countries, and it led to the rapidly develop of economy. The prosperity of social economy and the development of industry and commerce created a good condition for the emergence of the advertising.However, due to without the right management system, there has been confusion and disorder in the competition of advertising, and it threaten the healthy economic development in some western countries. Therefore, after the 20th century, western governments set out to legislate for advertising and supervise to it. This is the beginning of modern advertising management. How advertising works: In order to better manage advertising, firstly, managers must know how advertising works. Advertising is a form of communication, it provide a variety of product information to consumers. â€Å"However, advertising is not a conversation.Most advertising is not as personal or as interactive as a conversation because it relies on mass communication, which is indirect and complex. † (William W, Sandra M, John B, 1995, P. 99) There is an advertising communication model, it can clearly reflect how to advertising works: Feedback Feedback Noise: Internal Perceived Needs Information Processing Attitudes and opinions Other N oise Noise: Internal Perceived Needs Information Processing Attitudes and opinions Other Noise Noise: External Public opinion Marketing strategy Competition Other noise Noise: External Public opinion Marketing strategy Competition Other noiseReceiver: Consumer reception and response Perceive Understand Feel Connect Believe Act Receiver: Consumer reception and response Perceive Understand Feel Connect Believe Act Media mix: Channels Media mix: Channels Message: Encoding (by agency) Message: Encoding (by agency) Source: Advertiser (Objectives) Source: Advertiser (Objectives) Advertising communication model (William W, Sandra M, John B, 1995, P. 100) According to the figure, it begins with a source which is provided by advertiser. The source information will be encoded a message by professional agency, and put it in some words and pictures.And then, the message is shown through the media mix, such as newspaper, poster, radio, TV etc. Through the media mix decode to the message, the sou rce information will be received to audiences. After that, audience give some feedback to assess the source information to advertiser. Noise is inevitable in the whole process, it includes internal noise and external noise. it can disturb and interrupt the encoding process and decoding process. Thus sometimes the message cannot be received completely by audience. Through analysing to how advertising works, we can deeply understand details of advertising management.Following, the essay will research the method of advertising management. Method of advertising management: Method of advertising management is a means which advertising management personnel perform the administrative functions in order to achieve the management goal. However, there is different method of advertising management in different country. Thus the essay will find a representative case to analyse method of advertising management. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is an institution which manages all advertising around the United States.Therefore, FTC has own the methods of advertising management, and these method can reduce to 5 key methods. â€Å"They are Substantiation, Affirmative disclosure, Cease—and—desist order, Consent order and Corrective advertising†. (William L. W, Dennis L. M &Michael B. M, 1984). Next the essay will separately analyze the five methods. Substantiation: FTC requires advertiser issued their certificate and provide some evidence for their description in advertising. This method is in order to save the evidence for all advertising, and conveniently provides this evidence to deceptive advertising.After the implementation of the method, a number of advertising had been cancelled because of cannot provide evidence for the false content in their advertising. For example, Borg-warner air conditioner advertising claims that their products are able to release clean and healthy air, but Borg-warner Company cannot provide the evidence for the clean and health y air. Thus their advertising is forbidden by FTC. Affirmative disclosure: FTC require the product which related to the safety and health in the ad, it is necessary to accurately show the characteristics of the product , the advertising also must expose its shortcomings and imitations , that is not only to advertise what the product can do , but also what it cannot do. â€Å"Amway Nutrilite† is a famous health care product in the world. In their products packaging, so many good information could be found on it, such as Nutrient content, function introduction etc. However, a warning also could be seemed: the product cannot replace any medicine. Cease—and—desist order: there is enough evidence to judge that advertising have deceived or misleading, FTC can release â€Å"Cease—and—desist order â€Å". Once the FTC come up with the application of this order to court, orders can be effective immediately.Advertisers can only be signed according to the r equirements, admit the illegal advertisements. Thus, this order can timely cancel the deceptive advertising. It replaces the multifarious legal procedure, and makes the market to keep the normal competition as soon as possible. Consent order: In order to supply a gap which is costing long time to find the evidence, as soon as possible stop to broadcast the false advertising, which the kind of product relate to physical and mental health with people, such as food, medicine and cosmetic.FTC can issued â€Å"Consent Order† in necessity, this judgment not specify why the advertising should be forbidden, and the advertisers also can write the signature to agreed to stop suspected advertising even though he do not admit his fault, . If advertisers continue to publish or broadcast the suspected advertising after he writes the signature, he will pay a great number of fines for it. Corrective advertising: FTC come up with the corrective advertising suggestion to misleading advertising which deeply impressed in consumers’ mind. It is in order to eliminate wrong impression.Although there are different methods of advertising management in the different country, they have the same purpose that they hope advertising industry healthier and healthier in the rapid development by these methods of advertising management. Next part, the essay will discuss advertising strategy. Advertising strategy Advertising strategy is that advertising publisher grasps the advertising decision in the macroscopic. Researching advertising strategy is necessary. Because it can improve the advertising effect, make the enterprise with the lowest costs to achieve the best marketing target.In modern society, market competition becomes more and more fierce, a company or product want to outstanding in the market environment, or beat the competitor in order to ensure development, almost connect with correct using the advertising strategy. A successful advertising strategy always includes an advertising planning and decision making. Following, this essay will analyse advertising planning and decision making. Advertising planning and decision making The major activities of advertising management are planning and decision making.In most instances, the advertising or brand manager will be involved in the development, implementation, and overall management of an advertising plan. A complete advertising plan reflects the results of the planning and decision – making process and the decisions that have been made in a particular product – market situation. (Rajeev B, John G. M, David A. A, 1995, P. 38) There is a figure of framework for advertising planning and decision making. Consumer / Market Analysis Competitive Analysis Consumer / Market Analysis Competitive Analysis Situation Analysis Situation AnalysisRole of Advertising, Sales Force, Price, Promotion, Public Relations Role of Advertising, Sales Force, Price, Promotion, Public Relations Marketing Program Marketing Program The Communications/Persuasion process The Communications/Persuasion process Objectives/Segmentation/Positioning Message Strategy and Tactics Media Strategy and Tactics Objectives/Segmentation/Positioning Message Strategy and Tactics Media Strategy and Tactics Advertising Plan Advertising Plan Facilitating Agencies Social and legal constraints Facilitating Agencies Social and legal constraints Implementation ImplementationFramework for advertising planning and decision making (Rajeev B, John G. M, David A. A, 1995, P. 38) According to the figure, advertising plan include three aspect: Objectives, Message Strategy and Tactics and Media Strategy and Tactics. Every advertisement plan will at least reflect planning, decision-making, and the three main components are connected each one. ‘Objective’ means choose a good target for advertising. Because advertising has wide influence, if the product has some problem, advertiser would have huge trouble. For examp le, in 2008, if you advertised for dairy industry in China, you must go bankrupt.In that time, Chinese dairy industry environment became quite terrible because of poison milk powder. But if you advertised for Olympic product ,you would make considerable money. â€Å"Message strategy and tactic is executional decisions, such as the choice of a spokesperson, the use of humour or fear or other tones, and the selection of particular copy, visuals, and layout. Media strategy concerns decisions on how many media dollars to spend on and advertising campaign; Media tactics comprise the decisions about which specific media or media vehicles to use. (Rajeev B, John G. M, David A. A, 1995, P. 50-51) Thus whether advertising planning and decision making is successful, it depend on the three aspects. Advertising strategy content In generally, the advertising strategy has the following components: 1. Strategic objectives – direct advertising campaign to reach target. 2. Performance strate gy – that is, to select the most effective performance point of view and the way. 3. Trademark strategy. In the advertising, a trademark publicity is often occupies an extremely important position.Because people buy life data, especially consumer goods, often only knowledge trademark. In the rapidly developing society, new advertising strategies are made continually. Modern advertising strategy can be divided into quantity strategy and quality strategy two aspects. The former focuses on the form, and the latter focuses on the content. 1. The quantity strategy: Mainly refers to the number of advertising themes and objectives, how much the screen image and text, advertising appear amount and frequency, etc. 2. Quality strategy: The object of advertising is the consumer.Only to obtain the trust of consumers, advertising is easy to achieve efficiency, honest, objective, and truthful advertising to attract consumers. The five strategies are usually to use in advertising industry. It is so popular in advertising industry, how to use it better is the key of success. Making advertising strategy should be based on the general demand of target market, and should carefully analyse and research products or enterprise information, market details, consumer information, and relevant data of environment.Based on these study and data to make multiple plans, and compare with each other much times. Only in this way, the correct, scientific, creative advertising strategy is able to be made. Conclusion & Summary The emergence of commodity trade has created advertising industry, and with the development of the business, advertising industry has becomes a complex industry, a successful advertising need several industries to cooperate, such as design industry, media industry and business etc. It appears everywhere in our daily life.In the essay, three main questions are analysed: what is the relationship between the marketing and advertising, advertising management and adverti sing strategy. From the analysis to three questions, we can see the development of advertising. Through research the relationship, people know the advertising industry become more and more influent in the marketing. Studying advertising management, citizens recognize that the advertising industry is more regular and healthier. Analysing the advertising strategy, advertising has a clear direction. These are performance of advertising developing.However, advertising industry has some problem in the process of rapid development, such as deceptive advertising. These problems might be solved through the new method of advertising management or new advertising strategy in the future. Advertising is never-ending pursuit to excellence. Just like a famous advertiser said: â€Å"There is no such thing as a permanent advertising success† (Leo Burnett, 1891—1971) In the modern society, there is a rat race in every industry, advertising industry is without exception. How to compete with each other in the industry and what strategies will be used in the competition.Thus advertising compete will be focus in the following essay. Reference: American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Ed. (2000), New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Bendinger, Bruce (1993), Copy Work Shop Work Book, Chicago, IL: The Copy Workshop. Bradley, John P. , Leo F. Daniels, and Thomas C. Jones (1960), The International Dictionary of Thoughts, Chicago, IL: J. G. Ferguson Publishing Co. Dean M. Krugman, Leonard N. Reid, S. Watson Dumn & Arnold M. Barban(1989) Advertising Its Role in Modern Marketing. Florida: Harcourt Brace College Publisher.Mark Tungate(2007) Adland: A Global History of Advertising, London, Kogan Page Limited Rajeev Batra, John G. Myers, David A. Aaker(1995) Advertising management, Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. Starch, Daniel (1923), Principles of Advertising, Chicago, IL: A. W. Shaw Company. William L. Wilkie, Dennis L. Mcneill, & Michael B. Mazis(1984) â €˜Marketing’s â€Å"Scarlet Letter†: The Theory and Practice of Corrective Advertising. ’ Journal of Marketing, Vol. 48 11-31 William Wells, Sandra Moriarty, John Burnett (1995) Advertising Principles and practice, Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.

European imperialism Essay

Mortimer Chambers et al define imperialism as a European state’s intervention in and continuing domination over a non-European territory. During the ‘Scramble for Africa’ in the late nineteenth century, the most powerful European nations desired to conquer, dominate and exploit African colonies with the hope of building an empire. According to Derrick Murphy, in 1875 only ten percent of Africa was occupied by European states. Twenty years later only ten percent remained unoccupied. There were several factors which attracted European imperialists to Africa. There were opportunities for profitable investment and trade. Raw materials, which Africa possessed in abundance, were also desired. A cheap source of labour was required as it would result in higher profits. In addition, there was international rivalry among European nations. Domestic political interests and social Darwinism may also be blamed for attracting European imperialism to Africa. European imperialists were lured to Africa by the potential economic benefits she possessed. Industrialization caused a mass productivity and there became an artificial need for foreign markets to invest in. According to Brian Levack et al, with the onset of economic decline in 1873 industrialists were faced with a declining demand for their products in Europe. Imperial expansion, it was thought, would provide a solution with annexed territories seen as captive markets. It was believed that the unfavorable balance of trade that Britain and other industrial countries were experiencing could be counterbalanced by the income from overseas investments. Also, surplus capital could be profitably invested in Africa where cheap labour and limited competition would result in higher profits. Prominent European imperialists decided to use the public resources of their country to find lucrative means of using their capital. The English radical economist J.A. Hobson, argues that the intention was to level out inequalities of wealth to increase domestic consumption. Local merchants, traders and bankers were optimistic towards the idea of imperial expansion and capital investments outside of Europe became an increasingly vital sector of its economy. There was an increasing demand for raw materials in Europe in the late nineteenth century. According to Brian Levack, the new technologies characteristic of the industrial revolution meant that industrial Europe  became increasingly dependent on raw materials. European nations felt the urge to control lands that possessed great quantities of raw materials. Africa was rich with raw materials as well as many treasure reserves. As a result, many major industrial companies attempted to gain a monopoly of raw materials in Africa. Stuart Miller believes that specific trade links were important to particular industries. Some raw materials in Africa were of great importance; the vegetable oil of the Niger was vital for lubricating industrial machinery and the rubber of the Congo was not only essential for the tires on the new automobiles but also for insulating the electrical and telegraph wires now encircling the globe. The plentiful elephant herds could be slaughtered to provide the ivory for many of the new consumer goods such as piano keys, billiard balls and knife handles. In Togoland, Germans were able to cultivate plantations where they grew cocoa and rubber. Other raw materials included peanuts, cotton and tea. There were also many important minerals and South Africa possessed gold and diamonds. International rivalry among European nations contributed greatly to imperialist ventures in Africa. Britain’s rivalry with France and Germany accounted for a large part of the colonization. The British government wished to maintain its dominance in the colonial regions. Other European powers desired to expand their colonial spheres as well and Britain responded by seizing colonies. Certain territories were important for their location. The Suez Canal was key waterway between East and West Africa. The immense interior between the gold and diamond rich Southern Africa and Egypt had a strategic value as domination of this region was important to secure the flow of overseas trade. The British wanted to link their possessions in Southern Africa with their territories in East Africa, and these two areas with the Nile basin. Obtaining the Sudan was vital to the fulfillment of these ambitions especially since Egypt was already under British control. This ‘red-line’ through Africa was made famous by Cecil Rhodes and Lord Milner who advocated for a ‘Cape to Cairo’ empire linking by rail the Suez Canal to the Southern part which possessed many minerals. According to Brian Levack, there was also a certain level of nationalist competition. The unification of Germany upset the balance of power in Europe. In this climate of tension, governments looked towards enforcing national strength. The  newly formed nations of Italy and Germany now sought empires outside Europe as a means of gaining power and prestige within Europe. In the nineteenth century, a German historian Henrich con Treitschke stated â€Å"All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark on barbarian lands and those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will pay a pitiable role in time to come.† Under the leadership of Bismarck, Germany soon embarked on a quest of expansionism. Bismarck’s distrust of England under Gladstone was one of the reasons he decided to do this. Germany became engaged in an arms race with Great Britain and it desired as many military and naval bases as it could obtain. France needed to restore its damaged national pride after its defeat by Germany in the Franco-Prussian war and therefore embarked upon expansionism. Their aim was to have an uninterrupted link between the Niger River and the Nile, thus controlling all trade to and from the Sahel region, by virtue of their existing control over the Caravan routes through the Sahara. Domestic political interests also contributed to European Imperialism in Africa. As stated by Brain Levack, in the age of mass politics, political leaders needed to find issues that would both appeal to new voters and strengthen the status quo. Imperialism led the ordinary European people to believe that they were part of a superior, conquering people. Bismarck used imperial issues to help him find political allies in Germany and once remarked â€Å"all this colonial business is a sham but we need it for the elections.† According to Lawrence James, in the 1890s witnessed a rapid expansion of newspaper readership with the appearance of a new type of daily designed to attract the working and lower middle class. Social Darwinism and missionary intentions are two excuses that are used to justify European imperialism in Africa. Rudyard Kipling characterized the Africans as â€Å"sullen, new caught peoples, half devil and half child.† The Europeans believed it to be their duty to civilize the wild savage Africans. Liberalism, which may be defined as a dedication to self-improvement and the belief that there were discoverable rules of general conduct that everyone could follow, contributed to the paternal manner in which Europe acted and arguments of racial and cultural superiority that pushed Europeans into  Africa to ‘civilize’ the local populations. Lawrence James states that nations who had now reached the highest stage of civilization were taking control over those which had lagged behind, or races, like the Asante, who were not seen as fit to control their own affairs. In an issue of the Dublin Review in the late nineteenth century it was stated that â€Å"The future of Africa under any form of European tutelage must be better than the dark and evil nightmare of the past†. These Social Darwinists were able to persuade the natives that what was being done was to their ultimate benefit. According to Derrick Murphy et al, there existed the idea that imperialism was a moral duty as a means of spreading Western civilization and Christian values. Many Europeans bought this excuse while others did not. Africans were forced to adopt the Christian religion. In some cases they were killed for continuing to practice their own faiths. Some historians believe that the whole motive for Christian evangelism in Africa was simply to disrupt and destroy and that it was always politically motivated. First, missionaries were brought to the continent. Secondly, after some natives were converted and there was a considerable amount of confusion among them, the troops were sent to exploit them. Their main intention was to divide to control. According to an African chieftain â€Å"The white man is very clever. He came quietly and peaceably with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. Now he has won our brothers and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart.†Various factors attracted European imperialism to Africa in the later nineteenth century. Europe was changing and their colonial empires were associated with the ideas of national greatness and the survival of the fittest. This caused a massive drive for empires. There was a yearning for raw materials, national power and prestige. Each nation which possessed a colonial territory also possessed a sense of superiority. Bibliography 1.) Chambers Mortimer, Hanawalt Barbara, Rabb Theodore, Woloch Isser, Grew Raymond, The Western Experience, 1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., United States of America2.) James Lawrence, ‘The White Man’s Burden’? Imperial Wars in the 1890s’ Spielvogel Jackson, Western Civilization, Mc Graw Hill, Connecticut, 1999(pgs 100-105)3.) Levack Brian, Muir Edward, Maas Michael, Veldman Meredith, The West, Encounters and Transformations, 2004, Pearson Education Inc., United States of America4.) Miller Stuart, Mastering Modern European History, 1997, Palgrave, United Kingdom, Hampshire5.) Murphy Derrick, Morris Terry, Europe 1870-1991, 2000, Harper Collins Publishers LTD, United Kingdom, England6.) ‘The Church as a Tool of Imperialism’

The Death and Life of Charlie St. Cloud

Deanna Todd The Death and Life of Charlie St. Cloud I read â€Å"The Death and Life of Charlie St. Cloud,† by Ben Sherwood. This book is about Charlie St. Cloud, a normal high school junior whose life completely changes one night, and then takes you on the journey through the events that take place after that horrific night. This was a really good book that has been turned into a movie, and I would highly recommend reading the book. This paper is going to tell you in depth about the book and why I enjoyed it so much. Charlie St. Cloud is a high school junior who along with his younger brother love the game of baseball.Living in the small harbor village of Marblehead, Massachusetts, sailing and the water were an everyday part of life, however baseball was the joy of the St Cloud boy’s lives. Charlie’s younger brother Sam looked up to his older brother, and the two, sons of a single mother, had a very close brotherly bond. One evening while Charlie and Sam’s mother was at work, Charlie decided to ‘borrow’ the neighbor’s car to drive to Boston to watch a baseball game. On the way back their car was struck by a drunk driver and both boys were pronounced dead.However, in the ambulance, firefighter Florio Ferrente shocked Charlie back to life. As Charlie promised not to ever leave his brother’s side, he was pulled back into consciousness. It was those few moments of being â€Å"in between† that would forever change Charlie’s life. After a decade of feeling responsible for his brother’s death, Charlie forgets about his dreams and aspirations in life. Instead he decides to become the local cemetery caretaker, and every night as the cannons signal sunset, Charlie races into the woods to meet his little brother for a game of catch.Because of being in between life and death for that short moment, Charlie can now see spirits and guide them into the next realm. Sam chooses to stay behind to be with Charlie and every night no matter what Charlie is doing or where he is, when the cannons sound he is in the woods with his brother. One day as Charlie is cleaning up the cemetery, he meets a young sailor named Tess Carroll. Tess is getting prepared to leave on a race to sail around the world. After meeting her Charlie finds himself trying to choose between the past and Sam, and his possible future with Tess.Tess and Charlie spend a wonderful night together and the next morning, Charlie, like always has his morning coffee at a little shop on the harbor. This is where he finds out that Tess went out on a test sail and is now missing. Hearing this shocks Charlie from his â€Å"new love† state into a realization that Tess is dead. After Charlie finding out about Tess, he becomes very angry and then realizes his point in being saved that faithful night. He realizes that Tess came to him, and that she isn’t dead yet, that she is hurt and fighting to stay alive and Charlie ne eds to find her.He now has to choose between his promise to Sam, and his new love for Tess and their possible future in building a life together. Charlie rushes into town to find Tink, Tess’ right hand man, and explains to him that Tess is in fact alive and he intends to find her. Needless to say Tink thinks he is crazy but embarks on the search anyways because he wants to find her just as much. As they are sailing out to ocean, the sun starts to fall and Charlie hears the cannons, he knows that he has broken the bond between him and Sam and he will never see Sam again.With tears in his eyes, he says goodbye to Sam and apologizes for breaking the promise he made to his little brother. Just then Charlie sees a shooting star in the night sky and it is as if the star is pointing him in the direction of an island. It’s Sam leading Charlie to Tess, Charlie jumps up, thanks Sam and steers the boat toward the island. Once they get close enough they spot Querencia, Tessâ€℠¢ boat. Once they rescued Tess and got her to the hospital, Charlie never leaves her side. However at first Tess doesn’t recognize Charlie and it really upsets him.He gave up his brother for her and now she doesn’t remember the night they had together. Charlie still never left the hospital, and then Tess finally asked fro him, she wanted to know how they met, so Charlie told her the entire story. Charlie had finally let go of the past, and forgave himself for that night that changed his life. Now he was starting over with a brand new outlook on life and he and Tess were going to start over together. This book was very touching and heartwarming. It also reminded me a lot of Mitch Alboms books, especially â€Å"One More Day. They made a movie about this book simply titled â€Å"Charlie St. Cloud† even though the movie was pretty good, it doesn’t compare to the book.I love to read books and watch the movies; however I am usually disappointed in the movies. I don’t like how they take so much out of the movies to fit it in a certain time frame and this movie was no different. However it is still interesting to see the characters coming to life outside of your mind. I would recommend this book and the movie, although I would suggest to watch the movie then read the book, then you won’t become upset like I did.