gideon v wainright :: essays research papers

GIDEON v. WAINWRIGHT_______________________________________________ 372 U.S. 335 (1975) FACTS: Gideon, the petitioner, was charged in a Florida State Court for breaking and entering into a poolroom with the intent to commit a misdemeanor. This is a felony under Florida State Law. Due to lack of funds, he asked the court to appoint counsel for him and was denied. The court stated that under Florida state law, counsel could only be appointed to represent a defendant when that person is charged with a capital offense. Gideon unsuccessfully represented himself at trial, which resulted in a verdict of guilty. He was sentenced to five years in state prison. Gideon then filed in the Florida Supreme Court this habeas corpus petition (A judicial mandate ordering that an inmate be brought to the court so it can be determined whether or not that person is imprisoned unlawfully and whether or not he should be released from custody. The petition is brought by a person who objects to his own or another’s detention or imprisonment). He alleged that the courts refusal to appoint counsel for him violated his right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment. In Federal Court, counsel must be appointed to an indigent defendant unless otherwise waived. The Florida Supreme Court denied relief. The United States Supreme Court (USSC) granted certiorari, which gives them the authority to review the case. The court relies on the decision in Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455. Betts was indicted for robbery in a Maryland State Court. He asked the court to appoint counsel for him and was denied. He was found guilty by the judge, sitting without a jury, and sentenced to eight years in prison. The court in Betts held that the Sixth Amendment was not a fundamental right and therefore was not applicable in State Courts under the Fourteenth Amendment. ISSUE: Whether right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment is applicable in state courts under the Fourteenth Amendment depends on whether the right to counsel is considered to be a fundamental right and essential to a fair trial. HOLDING: Here, the USSC overturned the decision in Betts v. Brady and held that appointment of counsel to defendant’s in all criminal prosecutions in federal court, may also be applied to defendant’s in state court under the Fourteenth Amendment. REASONING: Many prior USSC decisions have held that assistance of counsel is one of the safeguards of the Sixth Amendment and is deemed necessary to ensure fundamental rights of life and liberty.

Women in the Workforce

Group: 6 Janelle Maskulka, Hannah Reifer, Laura Welker, Andrea McNett Group Leader: Hannah Reifer Scribe: Janelle Maskulka Topic: Women in the Workforce from the 1800- current Outline and Student Responsibilities Introduction: Our group will discuss how women in the past had limited working rights but over time laws and bills were passed that allowed women to grow in the workplace. However still today women are not treated as equals to their male counterparts. 1. 1800’s – Andrea McNett Before/ Early 1800s little to no rights and strictly housewives †¢ Industrial Revolution o Unmarried women worked in factories and moved to city o Caused women to delay marriage/ less children †¢ Women’s Rights o More Independent o Fought for equal wages ? Female Labor Reform Association in New England (1844) o Fought for education o Fought for voting †¢ The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) o Founded in 1840 o Mainly focused on women’s righ t to vote Branched into two subdivisions ? National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) ? American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) †¢ Susan B. Anothony 2. 1900-1950 – Hannah Reifer †¢ Employment in 1900 o Women only had 5% gainful employment outside of the household ? Woman self-imagine began to change †¢ Went from only wanting children and a husband to wanting to be employed o By 1910 this employment rate had increased to 11% †¢ Women in politics (voting rights) Also by 1910, only four states had equal women rights. ? These failures were partly due to people who believe that politics was no place for women †¢ Women’s Suffrage Amendment (1920) (NAWSA) o 19th amendment o Can’t base the write to vote off of sex †¢ The Great Depression (1930’s) o Prohibited married women to work ? Legislature passed in 26 states †¢ World War II (1939-1945) o Brought major change to women in the workforce o Men went to war o 6 million more w omen entered into the workforce o Some women didn’t want to work Rosie the Riveter â€Å"We Can Do It† was used as motivation o As soon as the war was over men returned to jobs women were laid off †¢ By 1947 women began to once again enter the workforce †¢ By 1950 31% of women in the United States were employed and working 3. 1950- 2000 – Laura Welker †¢ â€Å"Roots of the Revolution† (1950-1970’s) o Warning signs of a revolution, change in women’s expectations of employment †¢ Women began to see themselves as going to college and perhaps even graduate school o Working mothers and wives was slowly becoming more common †¢ â€Å"Quiet Revolution† (1970-2000’s) Woman enrollment in colleges and grad schools increased dramatically o Women began to studying fields men were typically professionalized in such as medicine, law and dentistry †¢ More women were now expected to go to college and join the workf orce by age 35, where in the past women were supposed to be in the home and raise the children 4. 2000’s – Janelle Maskulka †¢ Almost half of the workforce today is made up of women (46%) †¢ Major women in the workforce today o Oprah o Condoleezza Rice o Hillary Clinton †¢ Major changes since 1900’s o Bypassing men in management positions Staying with employers longer than men †¢ However, men still continue to make more money o . 76% higher wages than women Conclusion: (Group collaboration/ Input of tying up loose ends) Over time and history women have worked hard to gain rights in and out of the workforce. If we continue to work in the same direction and gain more and more rights we will see more results such as equal pay compared to men, more women in the management and CEO positions, in turn breaking the glass ceiling and the barrier between men and women in the workforce, which is the overall goal.

Sociology and Understanding Human Behavior

SOCL2151 Sociology and Understanding Human Behavior Phase 4 Individual Project Repost And Phase 5 Individual Project Conclusion Jerry Dunlap CTU Online Nov 12, 2012 SOCL2152 Introduction Portions of this assignment has repurposed work from Professor Vila’s Sociology 215 In my Phase 4 Individual Project I will be taking about the sociology of sport, what sport and event I picked and why I picked them. I will talk and describe the event and the sport that I have picked as well. I will be giving a description of my field observation over the event that I watched.I will also talk about what it was like doing field work without really being in the field to do it. I will also go into talking about what I have learned from my field observation and Reflect on sports and the field of sociology of sport. Sports are and have been for me a way to relax ever sense I was a little boy growing up and going to school. I played sports in junior high and in high school as well. Sports for many p eople can be a way of life or their main way of making money to live from one day to the next.I watch sports manly because when I watch them I think man I wish that was me out there on that field or on that court them I wouldn’t have to worry so much about how I am going to take care of my family. I can be watching a game and sitting there thinking as well if I could just have one of the pay checks that the players get I would be seat for a long time. The sport that I was going with at first was basketball but after thinking about it I was like hold on there aren’t any basketball games showing on television right now so I changed it to football just to be able to do the field observation.I picked football because I grow up watching it when I was younger and I played it for three years in high school but I will be talking a little about both of them because of using both of them in my last two Individual Project. On January 20th 1892 the first true basketball game as we know it was played in Springfield Massachusetts. Doctor James Naismith a Canadian invented basketball for the YMCA so that they could play during the winter months. He made up rules for the game and also nailed up two peach baskets for hoops.Most of the rules the he made for the game of basketball are still used but have been changed up a little bit over the years. SOCL2153 Pro basketball and college basketball are both big sports that are covered by all types of media like the news, radio, television and the internet is a big one as well. Radio has a big impacted on basketball because it allows people that can’t watch it to be able to listen to the games. The internet and new allows you to be able to keep up with states and other stuff like that on the sport and on the players as well.The description of my field observation after watch the Sunday game between the Cowboys and Giants is there are all types of people there besides the players on the field playing the game, and coaches. There are the people that call the game and the camera people from the television channel that the game was on. There where fans, cheerleaders from both teams and referees as well. From what I could see and hear the fans where all into the game cheering and boing when bad calls were made or when there team made a good or bad play.People that where at the game looked to me like they were of all ages from little kids up to aridly people. The players seem to show when they are upset about a bad call or a play that was ran the wrong way. The players also show off a little after they make big play or even a little play. With the part of who hangs out with whom, and what are the moods and social dynamics. I can’t really tell from watching the game on television but for the most part I would think that most of the people that go to games just hang out with the ones they go there with and the players who can really say who they hang out with when there not playing.Some of t he behavior in the game is from both the fans and players. Fans can start getting upset because there team isn’t playing like they should or there team isn’t getting the right calls from the referees that they think they should be. The same could go for the players from both teams. They start getting mad because they aren’t playing like they should be or they get a bad call. It all depends on how the game is going and how the players are playing on how the fans act and or behave. I picked this event because I am a big cowboys fan and I just like watching them play on Sundays.SOCL2154 As everyone knows American football has been around for centuries and is one of the most popular sports in America. As of 2010 football is the most watched sport of all of the four sports in America today. The Beginning A citizen of ancient Greek times used to play a game called harpaston and this game was known as a dangerous game. There were no rules, no field specifications and n o guidelines. They simply went out and played this game resembling a mixture of rugby and football. In the 12th century the game as we now know it began in England.People of this time started to love this game so much that at one time both Kings Henry II and Henry IV banned the game. At this time people where only allowed to run and kicked the ball and couldn’t pass the ball forward at all. EVOLUTION On November 6, 1869 American football was believed to be burn when Princeton and Rutgers Universities met to play the first organized football match in American history. Within the next five years the game would change and more teams would be added. There would be new rules put together allowing the teams to have 15 players on their team.A coach from Yale named Walter Camp introduce new rule changes to the game that would include cutting the number of players allowed on the field from 15 down to 11 and adding downs. Football originally only had three downs and the teams only had to go five yards to get a first down but in 1912 it got increased to four down and they had to get 10 yards for a first down. President Theodore Roosevelt would later help the colleges put together or crate the National Collegiate Athletic Association and they would put together a seven member rules committee that would pass a rule to legalize the forward pass.In 1922 the American Professional Football Association changed its name to the National Football League and thus the NFL is born. Then in 1966 the Super Bowl was crated as the NFLs Championship game. In 1967 the first super bowl was played between the Green Bay Packers and the Dallas Cowboys and the Packers would go on the win the first ever super bowl over the Cowboys 21 to 17. SOCL2155 I have learned from doing field work that it is hard to do when you’re really not on the field doing it was same what hard to do because you can’t really get a good look at the fans or what is going on around the field.When watch ing the game on a television from the house only thing you really get a good look at is all of the players from both teams and the coaches. You can hear the fans and maybe every now and thing you can get a look at the fans just for a few seconds but not long enough to really be able to see how they are acting. Phase 5 Individual Project My life experience with sports has been very interesting from the start. I started playing sports like running cross country, track and playing basketball when I was in middle school. I wanted to play football but are iddle school football coach wouldn’t late me. He told me that I was too small because I only weighted like 110 pounds in middle school. When I got into high school I still played these three sports but my sophomore year I finally started playing football but by thin I was not that up to date on how to play the game nor was I really that good. I was able to travel to many different places in middle school and high school because o f sports even if it was just in the state that I live in. I allowed me to meet different people from different areas of the state.I still think to this day if it wasn’t for sports and school that I wouldn’t have passed and graduated high school like I did. Sports are part of what I am today and I big reason why I am a sports fan today. SOCL2156 Being a sports fan of sports now I would have to say that for me it’s a way to relax and enjoy same of the sports that I played in school without playing them anymore. Being able to watch sports gives people a way to get together with friends a few times a week or just a few times a month depending on the sport that is on at that time.I see watching sports as a way to get a little trill without have to put your own life at risk or anyone else’s because you can do it sitting at home with your family or with friends. The sport experience help me connect with friends because it gives us something to talk about when we get together other thin just are family’s and what we have done over the past few days or weeks. The sports experience gets people together no matter what type of people they are or what race they are even if it’s just for a few minutes or a few hours’ people aren’t looking at others based on their skin color or their religion.References: ESPN. (2012). Retrieved from ESPN. com: http://espn. go. com/nba/ history of Football. (2012). Retrieved from historyoffootball. net: http://historyoffootball. net/ Bass, A. (2010, Apr 19). Livestrong. Retrieved from livestrong. com: http://www. livestrong. com/article/108870-history-football/ Faurschou, B. (n. d. ). History of Basketball. . Retrieved from nbahoopsonline. com: http://www. nbahoopsonline. com/Articles/History1. html

The Canterville Ghost:

The Canterville Ghost is not Just a short story by Oscar Wilde about a haunted mansion with a ghost; it is also a comedy and a parody of British aristocracy. In this story, the author makes fun of American pride and love of wealth by having the American Ambassador who buys the mansion say: â€Å"l will take the furniture and the ghost at a valuation. I have come from a modern country, where we have everything that money can buy†. Oscar Wilde's â€Å"The Canterville Ghost† is a story of a family's relationship with a haunted house and the ghost who resides there.The novel begins with a warning to the Otis Family, who wants to move into the Canterville Chase house. Mr. Otis ignores the warning and moves his family into the house anyway. They are met with their first problem: a blood stain on the carpet. Mrs. Otis is bothered by the stain and asks that it be removed. However, the stain dates back to the late sixteenth-century. The cause of the stain is attributed to the fo rmer owner, Sir Simon de Canterville, who killed his wife. Now he resides in the house as a ghost unable to move to the next world.Sir Simon tries to terrify the Otis Family, but they only end up tormenting the ghost. He uses many disguises only to be humiliated by the family. By the end of â€Å"The Canterville Ghost,† Wilde brings together the ghost and Virginia, Mr. Otises' daughter. She sympathizes with him and accompanies him to the angel of death. At the same time, she learns life lessons that lead to her own personal enlightenment. Sir Simon, she tells her husband several years later, helped her understand â€Å"what Life is, what Death signifies, and why Love is stronger than both. â€Å"

Responsible Gaming Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Responsible Gaming Project - Essay Example Many government and non government organizations have been set up to ensure responsible gaming and to research on gambling disorders and to treat them. The largest private research centre present in the United States of America is National Center for Responsible Gaming (in Washington and Boston), Nevada council on Problem Gambling in Las Vegas and Responsible Gambling Council in Ontario. In order to ensure responsible gaming, certain rules have been made. It is expected from the employees to make sure that the rules are being implemented and the public is gambling safely. It is their duty to keep a check on the gamers if they are gaming for fun or are addicted to it and have gaming disorders. Nevada Gaming Commission passed a bill regarding gamers with problems. According to it a ‘licensee’ is a person who is authorized to carry out gaming operations. A licensee is supposed to provide information and guidelines in black and white regarding the signs and consequences of b eing addicted to gambling. The guidelines should include the toll free contact numbers of organizations who help the gamers with their addiction approved by the chairman of the casino. These guidelines should be present in the view of all gamers, near the cash giving machines and gaming tables (Nevada Gaming Commission – Regulations 5.170). The licensee should make sure that all employees who interact with patrons in the gaming zones are trained. The training includes identification of gamers who exhibit signs of being addicted to gaming and giving them detailed information of their problems, their symptoms, and what the problems may lead to. The employee should recommend organizations who help people with gambling and tell them about suitable programs they should take to get rid of the problem The licensee should keep a check on the employees ensuring that they are carrying out the delegated tasks efficiently, and for that he can appoint a personnel who can make sure that th e program is going smoothly and the employees are being trained properly. Training programs under the Nevada council on problem Gambling are taken for granted to provide sufficient training for the time period specified by under the Nevada council on problem Gambling (Nevada Gaming Commission – Regulations 5.170). Licensees involved in issuing credits of credits, checking the money, and advertising various games in their casinos by sending mails to patrons will have to put into practice a program having appropriate factors to give awareness to the patrons about drawing their lines and keeping within the limits they set for themselves and limiting their access to the licensee in charge of in issuing credits of credits, checking the money, and advertising various games in their casinos by sending mails. The vital elements of that program include the improvement of materials regarding distribution of written material among the patrons. Availability of forms which the patrons can fill out, confirming that they will be taking part in the activities offered by the program is important. Limits should be set that would not enable a patron access to cashing of checks, giving out credits and promotion of gaming. Processes that can remove the patron from contacting a licensee directly and removing him from gambling in the place allotted to that licensee and a system which the patron can report to

The Role and Value of a Church Minister of Education Research Paper

The Role and Value of a Church Minister of Education - Research Paper Example This role however is enhanced through teaching people on how to minister, disciple as well as carry out crucial roles associated with the church. â€Å"General Board of Higher Education† (2012) uses the biblical explanation in Ephesians 4: 11-13 in expounding their understanding of the Ministers of Education. As introduced above, the book of Ephesians associates Christian education with helping people become believers, as well as help all believers use their spiritual gifts. Thus, the term Minister of Education ought to expound on the idea that the individuals in the post have specific responsibility in their respective churches (Dunbar, 2012). This assertion should signify that it is through the Minister of Education that people get informed about Christianity. From the teaching, one should become a Christian, learn how to grow as a Christian, how to convert others into Christians as well as how to expand that process. Who is the Minister of Education? According to Malphurs (2013), the Minister of Education can be regarded as a person who is called by God, undergone training as a Christian educator, summoned by a local church to foster educational aspects of the church’s programs, the church as well as regarded as one of the senior members of the church staff. The title Minister of Education is a bit general. Although many Christian institutions consider the staff members of their churches as Ministers of Education, it is evident that there are many other terms that are used to refer to the same post. This is as a result of the existence of many diverse churches in the world. For instance, it is evident that an individual can hold many titles at the same time depending on where he or she is educating. An Associate Pastor of Education in one church can also be regarded as the Minister of Education in a different church (â€Å"General Board of Higher Education,† 2012). In most occasions, the Minister of Education

Sex trafficking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sex trafficking - Research Paper Example It involves traffickers detaining or transporting victims for commercial sexual exploitation as defined by Moser (222). To bring into perspective the prevalence and trends of this social vice in the 19th Century, this paper borrows from the novel Thousand Pieces of Gold by Ruthanne Lum McCunn who narrates the struggles of women to earn their dignity and respect in early America through the life story of a Chinese girl, Lalu Nathoy whose father referred to her as Thousand Pieces of Gold, just as the title of the novel. With the famine of 1871 in northern China, he sells off Lalu to a brothel and later to a slave merchant travelling to America. This was the turning point in the life of the young girl. This paper guides on this discussion on sex trafficking, giving leads on how victims get lured and evaluating possible solutions in the light of the findings. Socio-economic misgivings, particularly poverty and wrong perception of better lives in other countries propagate sex trafficking. In this early society, sex trafficking was widely spread across the board. Not even were children spared as Li, the sex trafficker in the novel, traffics children together with her other victims. This comes to light when she quarrels Lalu for not getting the fraudulent customs clearing procedures right, claiming that â€Å"Even children: some of them are only ten, eleven years old. Children† were much better than she was (Gold 95). The cultural beliefs treated women as objects meant for the pleasure of men, while men were exalted as the only gender that had the right to work for a living. This therefore meant that women could be used in whichever way men would find pleasurable to them. Comparably, Moser (226) cites the US Department of Health and Human Services documenting sex trafficking as the second largest and fastest criminal industry worldwide. Women and children still comprise the majority of victims at about 80%, with two million children estimated to be in the comme rcial sex trade. Borrowing statistics from the United Nations, the researcher further estimates the market value for this crime at over $32 billion. Before the year 2000, sex trafficking was not prosecuted as a crime in itself but under other crimes such as promotion of prostitution. This exhibits the society’s clinging onto ancient belief of men as the superior gender. Just as Gold observed that a woman was not to â€Å"work like a man† so as to look appealing for marriage in the early days, the society still does not appreciate a woman as a laborer (356). Having pointed out that sex trafficking still remains rampant in the modern society as was in the 19th Century, it would be critical to understand how the vulnerable groups find themselves as victims of this crime. Deception, as put by Walters and Davis (1) stands out as a leading approach in luring victims of sex trafficking. The novel tells of Li, the trafficker, who took advantage of the naive American dream that Lalu had to lure her into her trap. Using America as a destination for her victims